Genesis : Creation to Fall
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THRU THE BIBLE with DR. J. VERNON MCGEE
BOOK: Genesis
PASSAGE: Genesis 40:1-23
PROGRAM: #4055
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Now here in the 40th Chapter, we have a section here that, frankly, it doesn’t seem to advance the story of Joseph. Rather it seems to slow it down to absolutely to no movement at all. We see Joseph now in prison, and he’s delayed and circumscribed by the ingratitude of the chief butler of Pharaoh. Here he is in prison. The question rises, “Well, what about him?” Well, may I say to you all of this is accomplishing God’s plan and purpose in his life as we’re going to see now as we get into this chapter.
But we said at the beginning that no in the Bible has so many parallels in his life to that of the Lord Jesus and there’s no one so much like the Lord as Joseph is. And let me pick up—I made that contrast the other day or rather comparison the other day. Now let’s look at some more. We mentioned the other day that:
- Joseph was sent to his brethren; the Lord Jesus was sent to his brethren. He said, “I’ve been sent to the lost sheep of the House of Israel.”
- Joseph was hated by his brethren without a cause. The Lord Jesus was hated was hated by his brethren without a cause.
- And Joseph was sold by his brethren. The Lord Jesus Christ was sold by one of his brethren.
- And Joseph was sold for 20 pieces of silver. The Lord Jesus was sold for 30 pieces of silver.
- And his own brethren plotted to kill Joseph and the brethren of the Lord Jesus plotted to kill him. “He came unto his own; his own received them not.”
- Joseph was put in the pit, and that was to be a place of death you will recall for him. The Lord Jesus was crucified.
- Joseph was raised up out of that pit. The Lord Jesus was raised up the third day.
- Joseph obeyed his father, and the Lord Jesus obeyed his father. “I do always the things that please him,” the Lord said.
- And Joseph, his father sent him to seek his brethren, and the Lord Jesus Christ, we’re told, that he came to do the will of God and he came to seek his brethren.
- And Joseph was mocked by his brothers. “Behold, this dreamer cometh.” Jesus Christ was mocked by his brethren. “If he be the Christ, let him come down now from the cross.”
- And the brethren refused to receive Joseph, and the brethren of the Lord Jesus refused to receive him.
- And Joseph, they took counsel to kill him, and the Lord Jesus they plotted his death.
- In Joseph’s life, his coat was returned to his father dripping with blood. And they took the coat of the Lord Jesus and gambled for it.
- And Joseph, after being sold into Egypt, he was lost sight of for many years. Jesus Christ ascended up into heaven, and he says, “You’ll see me no more.”
- And he was tempted, Joseph was, by the world, the flesh, and the devil and he resisted. The Lord Jesus was tempted by the world, flesh, and the devil and he won!
- And Joseph he became the savior of the world during this period, physically, of course. And Christ is the Savior of the world today!
The parallels there, I think, are indeed striking, and we need to note them, of course.
Now let’s get into this 40th Chapter and we’ll notice something here. Last time I think I ended with a question: How could it be the will of God for him to be put in prison now? And you’ll recall that he was put in prison—actually this fellow Potiphar—someone’s raised the question with me, “I don’t think that he believed his wife at all.” Certainly wasn’t a happy home. She called him “he”. You know that wasn’t very complimentary. And Potiphar actually had no confidence in his wife. Why if he had, he would put Joseph to death immediately; there’d been no if’s or and’s about it. What he did was just put him into prison and forget about him. This man, I think, recognized the kind of wife he had, but he’s sure to be pitied to be married to her. But all of this is working to the advantage of Joseph.
Somebody says, “Well, wait a minute! How can it do that? Here he is now sold into slavery and unjustly accused and now he’s put in prison and forgotten. How do you interpret that?” Well, I interpret that that the Word of God is certainly being fulfilled and the will of God is accomplished in his life. The thing is that this man Joseph is kept in prison for a definite purpose; God’s purpose. Suppose that when he’s going to interpret the dream of the butler and supposed the butler when he got out did as he’d promised he’d do; he went into Pharaoh on behalf of Joseph and said this young fellow is in there and he’s accused falsely and you ought to let him out of prison. Well, the night he had his dream and needed someone to interpret it and someone to become prime minister of Egypt, why Joseph at that time would have been half way back to the Promised Land. He would have been long gone from the land of Egypt. But you see he’s here and being kept here; detained for a purpose.
You see the hand of God working in this man’s life all the way through.
- Joseph hated by his brethren without a cause, delivered him to the Gentiles. He couldn’t defend himself though he’s unjustly accused. The Lord Jesus was delivered by his own to the religious rulers, who in turn delivered him to the Gentiles, and he was innocent.
- And Pilate, like Potiphar, didn’t believe the accusation against Jesus, found him innocent and scourged him. You see, Joseph had to suffer because this man Potiphar had to put up a front there at the court of Pharaoh.
- And Joseph found favor inside the jail here, and we find that the Roman Centurion said, “Truly, this is the Son of God.”
- And Joseph was numbered with the transgressors and he was a blessing to the butler and was judgment for the baker. And you remember the Lord Jesus was crucified between two thieves; one was judged and the other was blessed.
And you’ll notice as we go through now Chapter 40, Joseph gives all the glory to God.
JOSEPH INTERPRETS BUTLER & BAKER DREAMS
With all of that in mind, it’s very important now to look at the wording of this chapter here, which seems again as if it’s not advancing the action here at all.
And it came to pass after these things, that the butler of the king of Egypt and his baker had offended their lord the king of Egypt. And Pharaoh was wroth against two of his officers, against the chief of the butlers, and against the chief of the bakers. And he put them in ward in the house of the captain of the guard, into the prison, the place where Joseph was bound. (Genesis 40:1-3)
And, Friends, that wasn’t any accident, you see. But what does this reveal? Well, it reveals, first of all, the arbitrary and dictatorial position and policy that Pharaoh of Egypt had. I do not know what the baker did; maybe he burnt the biscuits for breakfast, I don’t know. But for some little whim on the part of Pharaoh, he puts him in prison. Now what did the butler do? Well, it may be that he was bringing up a glass a wine to hand to Pharaoh and he stubbed his toe and spilled it on the Persian rug that was there. I don’t know. But he did something, and it must have been rather minor. And because of that, why here these two, the butler and the baker, are in prison, and they’re put right in there where Joseph is. Now Joseph occupies a good position there in the prison even. Everywhere the man went his ability certainly was recognized. And the Scriptures says, “A man’s gift maketh room for him, and bringeth him before great men.” (Proverbs 18:16) And certainly that was true for Joseph, though he was a slave and now a prisoner. Poor fellow, you say! Well, God’s moving in his life with a definite purpose.
Now we find that though he’s put next to these men, they’re put there for three days—actually, that’s very temporary. Any other person that had gone through what Joseph has gone through and had been put in that prison, they’d give up. But he didn’t give up, Friends. That’s not the way that he did things. And we’re going to see that now in just a few moments. Now will you notice. “And the captain of the guard,” I’m reading Verse 4, Chapter 40, of Genesis.
And the captain of the guard charged Joseph with them, and he served them: and they continued a season in ward.
Joseph got acquainted with them, you see, because he had charge of him, and it was his business to take care of them while they were in prison. Now Verse 5.
And they dreamed a dream both of them, each man his dream in one night, each man according to the interpretation of his dream, the butler and the baker of the king of Egypt, which were bound in the prison. And Joseph came in unto them in the morning, and looked upon them, and, behold, they were sad. (Genesis 40:5-6)
Joseph came in. He was an optimistic type individual himself; always very bright and sharp. And he goes in and these two fellows who occupy a position with Pharaoh, sitting there very dull full with a very dark look upon their faces and a dark brown taste in their mouths. And so they were sad.
And he asked Pharaoh’s officers that were with him in the ward of his lord’s house, saying, Wherefore look ye so sadly today? And they said unto him, We have dreamed a dream, and there is no interpreter of it. And Joseph said unto them, Do not interpretations belong to God? tell me them, I pray you. (Genesis 40:7-8)
Now Joseph gives God all the glory in all of this. And later on, we’ll find another young Hebrew in a foreign court who will do the same thing; give God the glory! And I wish today that I could get over to Christians the thought that anything that you do for the Lord, make sure that God gets the glory for it. One of the reasons that many of us are not blessed as much as the Lord would like to bless us is because when we do receive some wonderful thing, we take it for granted and we do not give God the glory for it, and we ought to do that. We need to give God the glory! And so here, why he should give the God the glory, and he does. “Do not interpretations belong to God? tell me them, I pray you.”
And the chief butler told his dream to Joseph, and said to him, In my dream, behold, a vine was before me; And in the vine were three branches: and it was as though it budded, and her blossoms shot forth; and the clusters thereof brought forth ripe grapes: And Pharaoh’s cup was in my hand: and I took the grapes, and pressed them into Pharaoh’s cup, and I gave the cup into Pharaoh’s hand.
And Joseph said unto him, This is the interpretation of it: The three branches are three days: Yet within three days shall Pharaoh lift up thine head, and restore thee unto thy place: and thou shalt deliver Pharaoh’s cup into his hand, after the former manner when thou wast his butler. (Genesis 40:9-13)
You see, it’s interesting that in these dream—that in the Old Testament—and you don’t have God moving that way after you have the cannon of Scripture, after the New Testament is concluded; we don’t need that today. But God did speak in this day through dreams. And he spoke in the language that these people could understand. A butler would understand about serving wine because that’s what he did to Pharaoh; that he served him. And that would be something he could understand. Also, you remember later on, that old King Nebuchadnezzar had a dream of an image; he was certainly acquainted with imagines, with idols.
Now we find here that this is the interpretation. Joseph here interprets the dream. He said that “You’re going to be restored in three days.” He said now, when you are; Verse 14:
But think on me when it shall be well with thee, and shew kindness, I pray thee, unto me, and make mention of me unto Pharaoh, and bring me out of this house….
And poor Joseph said, “Look. They put me way back here in the prison. I’m so far back in the prison that they just have to pump water to me. I’m just forgotten, and I will stay here and rot unless somebody moves in my behalf. Now you’re going to be out of here in three days. I’ve interpreted your dream. Don’t forget me!” And he promised he wouldn’t.
Verse 15, Joseph is still speaking.
For indeed I was stolen away out of the land of the Hebrews: and here also have I done nothing that they should put me into the dungeon. When the chief baker saw that the interpretation was good, he said unto Joseph, I also was in my dream, and, behold, I had three white baskets on my head: And in the uppermost basket there was of all manner of bake meats for Pharaoh; and the birds did eat them out of the basket upon my head. And Joseph answered and said, This is the interpretation thereof: The three baskets are three days: Yet within three days shall Pharaoh lift up thy head from off thee, and shall hang thee on a tree; and the birds shall eat thy flesh from off thee. (Genesis 40:15-19)
Now that’s the interpretation for the baker. And he speaks to him in the language he understands. He sees these baskets that are filled with these little cookies, sweet meats, baked meats. This is the language the man would understand. Now Joseph interprets it for them and he tells him, “but it’s not going to be good for you. In three days he’ll take you out and hang you and the birds are going to eat your flesh.”
Now Verse 20:
And it came to pass the third day, which was Pharaoh’s birthday, that he made a feast unto all his servants: and he lifted up the head of the chief butler and of the chief baker among his servants. And he restored the chief butler unto his butlership again; and he gave the cup into Pharaoh’s hand: But he hanged the chief baker: as Joseph had interpreted to them. Yet did not the chief butler remember Joseph, but forgat him. (Genesis 40:20-23)
JOSEPH FAITHFULLY WAITS ON GOD
Now the poor boy is really in a predicament. Here he is, not only a slave, but one that’s been falsely accused, but that doesn’t mean that the bars on the prison are not just as hard as they are as if he were guilty. And the lock is just as difficult to get through. And the poor boy is here, and it was the purpose of Potiphar just to forget him. That’s the way he covered up the scandal that was in his own home. In fact, his wife was unfaithful. And this is the way he covered up, and poor Joseph had to pay for it. His one glimmer of light was that the butler would remember him to Pharaoh, and this seemed to be such a marvelous way of getting the ear of Pharaoh and getting him out of prison. But that butler, the minute he got out, he was so elated with that, he goes back to his job and forgets all about poor Joseph.
Well, Joseph is not discouraged, but he did not know the details. But you see, God wants to leave him there, Friends, for a purpose! Suppose that the butler had gone into Pharaoh enthusiastically and said, “Say, I tell you there’s a prisoner down there who ought not to be there. He’s innocent. He’s been falsely accused. And he interpreted my dream for me. I’d sure appreciate it, Pharaoh, if you’d just let him out.” Suppose Pharaoh let him out. Don’t you see what would have happened, Friends? He’d have been back in the home of his father Jacob by the time that Pharaoh needed him to interpret his dream. So God’s just going to keep him around, and it’s a good place to keep him. You’ll know where to find him if you leave there in that prison. That’s what he does.
And yet Joseph believed that God was moving in his life. Have you ever stopped even at this point to want to put down those things that are discouraging experiences and yet there were certain fruit to the faith of this man Joseph. He had a real faith through it all.
Well, let me give you a list here. First of all, Joseph was faithful in every relationship. Have you ever noticed that? In every relationship of life, he was faithful. We find that he was faithful to Potiphar. He was faithful to him. And we find out that when he’s in prison, that he was faithful there to the keeper of the prison. We find that he was faithful to God! He always gave God the glory. And he’s faithful to the keeper of the prison, which we’ve mentioned. Now we’re also going to see that he’s faithful to Pharaoh a little later on. And he’s also faithful to his own brethren. And it made him faithful!
I believe that if you’re genuinely a believer you’re going to be faithful. Now we’re living a day when I think one of the most tragic things that’s happening is the fact that there are so few Christians you can depend on today. I have a friend; he’s head of a large Christian organization. He and I had an occasion to be sitting together alone in a foreign city; just he and I. And he was telling me something of his problems that he had. And he has a tremendous organization, and he went on to say how few men he could really trust in his organization. And it’s a Christian organization! How many men are in that position today. There are so few that are faithful! And there are so few Christians that are faithful today. And we thank God for those that are faithful! And I’ve always thanked the Lord that he at least put around me everywhere I’ve ever been a few faithful ones that, I tell you, they are the dear ones that are great encouragements. Joseph was that kind of a man.
And we find that his faith did something else. He was possessed with an optimistic outlook on life under all the trails and temptations; down in the pit, at Potiphar’s house, and now in prison.
And then, Joseph had a sympathetic and kindly attitude toward everyone. His faith did that. Notice how kind he was, actually, to the butler and to the baker and later on we’ll see to his brethren.
And then another thing that his faith did for him; it made him a very humble man. He gave God the glory in all the relationships and situations of this life. What a wonderful person that he is!
What did it? Well, he believed God just as his father Abraham had. And this is the fruit that worked out in his own life. So that now this man is in the back of the prison, down in the dungeon, and he’s forgotten it would seem. But someone hadn’t forgotten him…God hadn’t forgotten him! And God was working in his life.
Now, Friends, that has a message for you and me! And let me just suggest it here in closing. And that is: I do not know what your circumstances are right now, but I do know, judging from the letters we get, there are some of you in a hard place. As one man said to me, I’m between a rock and a hard place! And things look dark! You don’t see the way out. And you really wonder whether God cares! Well, the reason God’s given us this story of Joseph is He wants you TO KNOW that HE CARES FOR YOU! And that He’s moving in your life! And if you’re His child, and He’s not judging you for some particular sin you committed, He’s permitting this to happen to you for your good! And even if He’s judging you, it’s going to be for your good. You can’t miss how wonderful our God is!
Study Guide
J. Vernon McGee’s Notes & Outlines
Learning Notes
Genesis — The Seed Plot of the Bible
Writer: Moses. The name Genesis is taken from the Septuagint (LXX), a Greek translation of the Old Testament made in Alexandria around 285–247 B.C. at the order of Ptolemy Philadelphus. Josephus tells us that 72 priests (six from each of the 12 tribes) produced this translation in 72 days. Christ and Paul both quoted from this translation.
Genesis means “origin,” “source,” “birth.” Derived from the Greek verb gennao — “to beget” or “give birth to” — it is the book of beginnings and sources, and most particularly the book of births. It is the book of generations: the genealogy of heaven, earth, and man. Even the new birth is suggested in Genesis 3:15, which contains the first mention of a Redeemer.
Genesis is the book of beginnings: the beginning of creation, man, woman, the Sabbath, marriage, family, work, sin, murder, sacrifice, races, languages, culture, civilization, and redemption. It falls into two natural divisions — Genesis 2:4 (The Book of the Birth of Heaven and the Earth) and Genesis 5:1 (The Book of the Birth of Men).
Key Word: Generations. Purpose: To give us the families — Genesis 12:3; 22:18; 28:13–14; Acts 3:25; Galatians 3:6, 9, 16. The first 11 chapters cover a minimum of 2,000 years; from chapter 12 to chapter 50, the time is only 350 years. This contrast should arrest our attention — the record slows dramatically at chapter 12 because individuals become more important to God than world events.
Comment: Abraham is more important to God than the universe. God devotes 39 chapters to 350 years of one family’s history, while covering the first 2,000+ years of world history in only 11 chapters. In the four Gospels, the same principle appears: four chapters cover the first 30 years of Jesus’ life, while 85 chapters cover the last three years, and 27 chapters cover the last eight days. The emphasis is always on what matters most — and in Genesis, that is God’s redemptive plan through one chosen family.
Genesis vs. the Babylonian Account: A comparison with the Babylonian tablets of creation reveals the superiority of the biblical record. The Babylonian tablets begin with chaos; the Bible begins with cosmos and perfection. The Babylonian account treats heavenly bodies as gods; the Bible presents them as matter. The Babylonian text is polytheistic; Genesis is monotheistic. The Babylonian tablets reflect the work of a craftsman; in Genesis, God spoke. The Babylonian account is characterized by puerility and grotesqueness; the Bible presents the grand and solemn realities of a holy Creator who is also a Savior. While the Babylonian account is out of harmony with science, the Genesis record is in accord with science — so much so that many scientists are believers.
Outline
I. ENTRANCE OF SIN ON EARTH (Chapters 1–11)
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A. CREATION, Chapters 1–2
- Heaven and Earth, 1:1 — “Create” (bara) occurs only 3 times (vv. 1, 21, 27)
- Earth became waste and void, 1:2
- Re-creation, 1:3–2:25
- a. First Day — light, 1:3-5
- b. Second Day — air spaces (firmament), 1:6-8
- c. Third Day — dry land appears and plant life, 1:9-13
- d. Fourth Day — sun, moon, stars appear, 1:14-19
- e. Fifth Day — animal life (biology), 1:20-23
- f. Sixth Day — fertility of creation and creation of man, 1:24-31
- g. Seventh Day — Sabbath, 2:1-3
- h. Recapitulation of the creation of man, 2:4-25 (Law of recurrence)
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B. FALL, Chapters 3–4
- Root of sin — doubting and disobeying God
- Fruit of sin — “Out of the heart proceed … murders …” (Matt. 15:19)
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C. FLOOD, Chapters 5–9
- Book of generations of Adam — through Seth — beginning of man’s history — obituary notices, Ch. 5
- Antediluvian civilization — cause of flood and construction of ark, Ch. 6
- Judgment of flood, Ch. 7
- Postdiluvian civilization — after the flood, Ch. 8
- Postdiluvian life — new beginning, Ch. 9
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D. TOWER OF BABEL and confusion of tongues, Chapters 10–11
- Ethnology — sons of Noah, Ch. 10
- Tower of Babel, Ch. 11 (Contrast to Day of Pentecost)
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OUTLINE (according to genealogies):
- Gen. 1:1–2:6 — Book of generations of heavens and earth — divine poem of creation — God’s creative work
- Gen. 2:7–6:8 — Book of generations of Adam (men, anthropoi) — Adam was created, but children born to him
- Gen. 6:9–9:29 — Generations of Noah
- Gen. 10:1–11:9 — Generations of sons of Noah
- Gen. 11:10-26 — Generations of sons of Shem (Gentiles)
- Gen. 11:27–25:11 — Generations of Terah
- Gen. 25:12-18 — Generations of Ishmael
- Gen. 25:19–35:29 — Generations of Isaac (“In Isaac shall thy seed be called” — Gen. 21:12; Heb. 11:8-9; Rom. 9:7)
- Gen. 36:1–37:1 — Generations of Esau
- Gen. 37:2–50:26 — Generations of Jacob (rejected line given first, chosen line last — cf. 1 Cor. 15:46)
II. PREPARATION FOR THE COMING OF THE REDEEMER OF ALL MANKIND (Chapters 12–50)
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A. ABRAHAM (faith), Chapters 12–23
(Development of faith by seven appearances of God)
- God’s call and promise to Abram — his response by lapse of faith, Ch. 12
- Abram returns to land from Egypt — separates from Lot — God appears third time to Abram, Ch. 13
- First war — Abram delivers Lot; first priest — Abram blessed by Melchizedek, Ch. 14
- God reveals Himself more completely to Abram — reaffirms His promises, Ch. 15
- Unbelief of Sarai and Abram — birth of Ishmael, Ch. 16
- God makes covenant with Abraham (Abram becomes Abraham) — confirms promise about a son, Ch. 17
- God reveals coming destruction of Sodom to Abraham — Abraham intercedes, Ch. 18
- Angels warn Lot — Lot leaves Sodom — God destroys cities of the plain, Ch. 19
- Abraham repeats sin at Gerar about relationship of Sarah, Ch. 20
- Birth of Isaac — Hagar and Ishmael cast out — Abraham at Beer-sheba, Ch. 21
- God commands Abraham to offer Isaac — restrains him — reconfirms covenant, Ch. 22
- Death of Sarah — Abraham purchases Machpelah cave for burial place, Ch. 23
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B. ISAAC (the beloved son), Chapters 24–26
(Choosing of a bride compares with Christ and the church)
- Abraham sends servant for bride for Isaac — Rebekah returns — becomes Isaac’s bride, Ch. 24
- Death of Abraham — birth of Esau and Jacob (twins) — Esau sells birthright to Jacob, Ch. 25
- God confirms covenant to Isaac — Isaac misrepresents relationship with Rebekah — Isaac digs well in Gerar, Ch. 26
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C. JACOB (“Whom the Lord loveth He chasteneth”), Chapters 27–36
- Jacob and Rebekah connive to get blessing intended for Esau, Ch. 27
- Jacob leaves home — at Bethel God appears to him — confirms Abrahamic covenant, Ch. 28
- Jacob arrives in Haran — meets Rachel and Uncle Laban — serves for Rachel — deceived into marrying Leah, Ch. 29
- Birth of sons of Jacob — Jacob prepares to leave Laban — Jacob’s bargain pays off, Ch. 30
- Jacob flees from Haran — Laban overtakes him — Jacob and Laban make Mizpah covenant, Ch. 31
- Crisis in life of Jacob: at Peniel a Man wrestles with him — Jacob’s name changed to Israel, Ch. 32
- Jacob meets Esau — Jacob journeys to Shalem, Ch. 33
- Scandal in Jacob’s family: Dinah defiled — brothers avenge by slaying men of Hamor, Ch. 34
- Jacob returns to Bethel — Rachel dies at Bethlehem — Isaac dies at Hebron, Ch. 35
- Family of Esau which becomes nation of Edom, Ch. 36
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D. JOSEPH (suffering and glory), Chapters 37–50
- Jacob dwells in Canaan — Joseph sold into slavery, Ch. 37
- Sin and shame of Judah, Ch. 38
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Humiliation in Egypt, Ch. 39–40
- Overseer in house of Potiphar — tempted then framed by wife of Potiphar — imprisoned, Ch. 39
- Joseph in prison interprets dreams of baker and butler, Ch. 40
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Exaltation in Egypt, Ch. 41–48
- Joseph interprets dreams of Pharaoh — made overseer of Egypt — marries Asenath — birth of Manasseh and Ephraim, Ch. 41
- Jacob sends ten sons to Egypt for corn — audience with Joseph — leave Simeon as hostage — return home with corn and refunded money, Ch. 42
- Jacob sends sons (Benjamin included) again to Egypt — entertained in Joseph’s home (does not reveal his identity), Ch. 43
- Joseph sends brothers home — arrested by steward — cup found in Benjamin’s sack — Judah pleads for Benjamin, Ch. 44
- Joseph reveals identity — tender reunion with brothers — invites Jacob and all family to Egypt, Ch. 45
- Jacob with family (70) move to Egypt — Jacob and Joseph reunited, Ch. 46
- Jacob and brothers dwell in Goshen — presented to Pharaoh — famine forces Egyptians to sell land — Joseph swears he will bury Jacob in Canaan, Ch. 47
- Jacob on deathbed blesses Joseph’s sons, Ch. 48
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Death and burial of Jacob and Joseph, Ch. 49–50
- Jacob gives deathbed blessing and prophecy for 12 sons, Ch. 49
- Death and burial of Jacob in Canaan — death and burial of Joseph in Egypt, Ch. 50
